https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA <p>ADVANCED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS (AJESA) is an academic/technical Journal of engineering and applied sciences published by the Nigerian Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (NIEEE) Awka Chapter covering all fields of Engineering and Engineering Sciences such as Mechanical Engineering, Safety and Fire Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer Engineering, Communication Engineering, Computer Science, Software Engineering, Cybersecurity, Information Technology, Entrepreneurship Studies, Chemical Engineering, Petrochemical Engineering, Water Engineering, Highway Engineering, Materials and Metallurgical engineering, current trends in Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Machine Learning, Polymer Engineering, etc.</p> <p>The Journal is an open-access online journal publishing double-blind peer-reviewed research papers in every area of engineering and scientific applications related to engineering and engineering sciences and sub-fields. It is published every month within two-months interval, but paper submission is open every month.</p> en-US drfcobodoeze@gmail.com (Engr. Dr. Fidelis C. Obodoeze PhD, MNSE, NIEEE, FIIA) vc.onuzulike@unizik.edu.ng (Engr. Dr. Vincent C. Onuzulike PhD,MNSE,NIEEE ; Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria) Mon, 25 Aug 2025 13:25:00 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.7 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/25 Protective relays are vital components in electrical power systems, designed to detect faults and initiate isolation of affected sections. Traditional relays—electromechanical and static—have limitations in speed, flexibility, and adaptability. The advent of microprocessor-based protective relays (MBPRs) revolutionized protection schemes by introducing programmability, digital signal processing, and enhanced reliability. Microprocessor-based protective relays have revolutionized power system protection by replacing traditional electromechanical and solid-state relays. These relays utilize Digital Signal Processor (DSP) algorithms to enhance accuracy, speed, and reliability in fault detection. The paper reviews recent advancements and challenges in implementing DSP-based protection schemes. The integration of MPRs in modern power systems underscores their importance in ensuring grid stability and safety. Abang, Paul. A., Onwughalu MarkAnthony K. Copyright (c) 2025 ADVANCED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/25 Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/28 The environmental impact and high cost of conventional stabilizers like cement and lime, coupled with the low strength and bearing capacity of lateritic soils that have been utilized in road construction, put focus on eco-friendly alternatives in the form of cow dung ash (CDA). The effects of CDA on the engineering properties of lateritic soil at the Ado Ekiti–Ikare Akoko axis with depth ranges of 1.2–1.5 m were investigated in this study. Tests conducted as per BS 1377 (1990) included moisture content, grain size analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and triaxial shear strength. Oxide analysis confirmed CDA to be a pozzolanic material. Stabilization tests at the 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% CDA proportions fixed the optimal percentage of additive. The Plasticity Index (PI) ranged from 4.60% to 19.11%, and most were silty or clayey gravel sand and silty soils. Addition of CDA reduced PI, improving workability, and improved maximum dry density, CBR, UCS, and shear strength, with best performance at 4% CDA. These gains met requirements for the sub-base course, testifying to the effectiveness of CDA as a stabilizer. The study reveals that agricultural waste such as cow dung can be used as a sustainable soil stabilizer with environmental and engineering benefits for road construction. Prof. Olugbenga O. O. AMU, IYANIYI Janet Alaba Copyright (c) 2025 ADVANCED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/28 Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/30 This study examines the awareness, access, and utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools among architects in Southeast Nigeria, focusing on the Abia, Imo, and Ebonyi chapters of the Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA). The principal objective was to evaluate the current adoption levels of 10 AI tools across architectural design, interior design, and 3D modeling domains. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative survey data were collected from 127 architects, supplemented by qualitative interviews with 15 practitioners. Results, revealed moderate awareness (58.7%), but low utilization (22.3%) of AI tools, with significant barriers, including cost (72.4%), training deficits (68.5%), and unreliable internet (63.0%). Competency assessments showed proficiency gaps in advanced AI applications like Sidewalk Labs for urban planning (17.2%) and Hypar for BIM integration (19.6%). Conclusions indicate that while Nigerian architects recognize AI’s potential particularly for visualization (Midjourney, Adobe Firefly) and feasibility analysis (TestFit) systemic infrastructural and educational limitations hinder adoption. The study recommends NIA-led initiatives for localized training programs, industry-academia partnerships on AI curricula, and advocacy for digital infrastructure improvements to bridge the AI adoption gap in Southeast Nigeria’s architectural practice. Cheche Kalu Kalu, Emmanuel Udomiaye, Remigius Ezediaso Muoghara Copyright (c) 2025 ADVANCED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/30 Tue, 26 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/31 For more than a decade, the railway has experienced a renaissance in many countries after several years of decay. The main reasons for the renewed interest in the railway are environmental, economical, and safety related. This has quite naturally, in turn, increased the interest in railway associated research. Both passenger and freight transports on railway are increasing. In order to cope with this increase, large railway infrastructure investments are expected. An important part of this infrastructure is the railway power supply system – without it, only the weaker and less energy efficient steam and diesel locomotives could be used. The demand depends upon the train speed that in turn is related to a number of factors categorized by system operation conditions. The former includes traction equipment characteristics, track layout, signaling and speed restrictions whilst the latter covers the positions of trains, headway, traffic pattern and drivers‟ behavior. As if it were not complicated enough, a train might become a generator should regenerative braking be possible. As a result, the study of traction power supply system becomes the major focus for many researchers recently. ABANG Paul. A., ONWUGHALU MarkAnthony K. Copyright (c) 2025 ADVANCED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://ajesa.com.ng/index.php/AJESA/article/view/31 Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000